SXEmacs Lisp Reference Manual


GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE		Conditions for copying and changing SXEmacs.
1. Introduction		Introduction and conventions used.
2. The XEmacs Packaging System		Lisp library administrative infrastructure.

8. Lisp Data Types		Data types of objects in SXEmacs Lisp.
9. Numbers		Numbers and arithmetic functions.
10. Strings and Characters		Strings, and functions that work on them.
11. Lists		Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
12. Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors		Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. The description of vectors is here as well.
13. Symbols		Symbols represent names, uniquely.

14. Evaluation		How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
15. Control Structures		Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
16. Variables		Using symbols in programs to stand for values.

17. Functions and Commands		A function is a Lisp program that can be invoked from other functions.

18. Macros		Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
19. Writing Customization Definitions		Writing customization declarations.

20. Loading		Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
21. Byte Compilation		Compilation makes programs run faster.
22. Debugging Lisp Programs		Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.

23. Reading and Printing Lisp Objects		Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
24. Minibuffers		Using the minibuffer to read input.
25. Command Loop		How the editor command loop works, and how you can call its subroutines.
26. Keymaps		Defining the bindings from keys to commands.
27. Menus		Defining pull-down and pop-up menus.
28. Dialog Boxes		Creating dialog boxes.
29. Toolbar		Controlling the toolbar.
30. Gutter		Controlling the gutter.
31. Scrollbars		Controlling the scrollbars.
32. Drag and Drop		Generic API to inter-application communication via specific protocols.
33. Major and Minor Modes		Defining major and minor modes.
34. Documentation		Writing and using documentation strings.

35. Files		Accessing files.
36. Backups and Auto-Saving		Controlling how backups and auto-save files are made.
37. Buffers		Creating and using buffer objects.
38. Windows		Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
39. Frames		Making multiple X windows.
40. Consoles and Devices		Opening frames on multiple TTY's or X displays.
41. Positions		Buffer positions and motion functions.
42. Markers		Markers represent positions and update automatically when the text is changed.

43. Text		Examining and changing text in buffers.
44. Searching and Matching		Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
45. Syntax Tables		The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
46. Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion		How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.

47. Extents		Extents are regions of text with particular display characteristics.
48. Specifiers		How faces and glyphs are specified.
49. Faces and Window-System Objects		A face is a set of display characteristics specifying how text is to be displayed.
50. Glyphs		General interface to pixmaps displayed in a buffer or frame.
51. Annotations		Higher-level interface to glyphs in a buffer.
52. SXEmacs Display		Parameters controlling screen usage. The bell. Waiting for input.
53. Handling Media		Handling media streams (audio and video).

54. Hash Tables		Fast data structures for mappings.
55. Range Tables		Keeping track of ranges of numbers.
56. Databases		An interface to standard DBM and DB databases.

57. Processes		Running and communicating with subprocesses.
58. Operating System Interface		Getting the user id, system type, environment variables, and other such things.
59. Functions Specific to the X Window System		Functions specific to the X Window System.
60. ToolTalk Support		Interfacing with the ToolTalk message service.
61. LDAP Support		Interfacing with the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
62. PostgreSQL Support		Interfacing to the PostgreSQL libpq library.
63. OpenSSL Support		Interfacing to the OpenSSL libcrypto/libssl libs
64. Enhanced Number Types (ENT)		Using advanced numerical and mathematical features
65. Internationalization		How Emacs supports different languages and cultural conventions.
66. Foreign Function Interface (FFI)		Accessing functions in external libraries from with SXEmacs lisp.
67. MULE		Specifics of the Asian-language support.
Appendices
A. Tips and Standards		Advice for writing Lisp programs.
B. Building SXEmacs; Allocation of Objects		Behind-the-scenes information about SXEmacs.
C. Standard Errors		List of all error symbols.
D. Buffer-Local Variables		List of variables local in all buffers.
E. Standard Keymaps		List of standard keymaps.
F. Standard Hooks		List of standard hook variables.

Index		Index including concepts, functions, variables, and other terms.
--- The Detailed Node Listing --- Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: Introduction
1.1 Caveats		Flaws and a request for help.
1.2 Lisp History		SXEmacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
1.3 Conventions		How the manual is formatted.
1.4 Acknowledgements		The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
Conventions
1.3.1 Some Terms		Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
1.3.2 `nil` and `t`		How the symbols `nil` and `t` are used.
1.3.3 Evaluation Notation		The format we use for examples of evaluation.
1.3.4 Printing Notation		The format we use for examples that print output.
1.3.5 Error Messages		The format we use for examples of errors.
1.3.6 Buffer Text Notation		The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
1.3.7 Format of Descriptions		Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
Format of Descriptions
1.3.7.1 A Sample Function Description
1.3.7.2 A Sample Variable Description
Packaging
3. An overview of the XEmacs Packaging System		Lisp Libraries and Packages.
3.2.5 Libraries and Packages		Basic stuff.
3.2.8 Prerequisites for Building Source Packages		Turn packaged source into a tarball.
• Local.rules File		Tell the SXEmacs Packaging System about your host.
5. Creating Packages:		Tell the SXEmacs Packaging System about your package.
7.2 Issues
Package Overview
3.1 The User View
3.2 The Library Maintainer View
3.2.4 The Package Release Engineer View
The Library Maintainer's View
3.2.1 Infrastructure		Global Makefiles and common rules.
3.2.2 Control Files		Package-specific Makefiles and administrative files.
3.2.3 Obtaining the XEmacs Packaging System and Required Utilities		Obtaining the SXEmacs Packaging System and utilities.
Creating Packages
6. package-info.in
7. `Makefile'
4. `Makefile' targets
Lisp Data Types
8.1 Printed Representation and Read Syntax		How Lisp objects are represented as text.
8.2 Comments		Comments and their formatting conventions.
8.4 Programming Types		Types found in all Lisp systems.
8.5 Editing Types		Types specific to SXEmacs.
8.7 Type Predicates		Tests related to types.
8.8 Equality Predicates		Tests of equality between any two objects.
Programming Types
8.4.1 Integer Type		Numbers without fractional parts.
8.4.2 Floating Point Type		Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
8.4.3 Character Type		The representation of letters, numbers and control characters.
8.4.5 Sequence Types		Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
8.4.6 Cons Cell and List Types		Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
8.4.7 Array Type		Arrays include strings and vectors.
8.4.8 String Type		An (efficient) array of characters.
8.4.9 Vector Type		One-dimensional arrays.
8.4.4 Symbol Type		A multi-use object that refers to a function, variable, property list, or itself.
8.4.11 Function Type		A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
8.4.12 Macro Type		A method of expanding an expression into another expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
8.4.13 Primitive Function Type		A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
8.4.14 Compiled-Function Type		A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
8.4.15 Autoload Type		A type used for automatically loading seldom-used functions.
Cons Cell Type
8.4.6.1 Dotted Pair Notation		An alternative syntax for lists.
8.4.6.2 Association List Type		A specially constructed list.
Editing Types
8.5.1 Buffer Type		The basic object of editing.
8.5.4 Window Type		What makes buffers visible.
8.5.8 Window Configuration Type		Save what the screen looks like.
8.5.2 Marker Type		A position in a buffer.
8.5.10 Process Type		A process running on the underlying OS.
8.5.11 Stream Type		Receive or send characters.
8.5.12 Keymap Type		What function a keystroke invokes.
8.5.13 Syntax Table Type		What a character means.
Numbers
9.1 Integer Basics		Representation and range of integers.
9.2 Floating Point Basics		Representation and range of floating point.
9.3 Type Predicates for Numbers		Testing for numbers.
9.4 Comparison of Numbers		Equality and inequality predicates.
9.6 Arithmetic Operations		How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
9.8 Bitwise Operations on Integers		Logical and, or, not, shifting.
9.5 Numeric Conversions		Converting float to integer and vice versa.
9.9 Standard Mathematical Functions		Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
9.10 Random Numbers		Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
Strings and Characters
10.1 String and Character Basics		Basic properties of strings and characters.
10.2 The Predicates for Strings		Testing whether an object is a string or char.
10.3 Creating Strings		Functions to allocate new strings.
10.4 The Predicates for Characters		Testing whether an object is a character.
10.5 Character Codes		Each character has an equivalent integer.
10.6 Comparison of Characters and Strings		Comparing characters or strings.
10.7 Conversion of Characters and Strings		Converting characters or strings and vice versa.
10.8 Modifying Strings		Changing characters in a string.
10.9 String Properties		Additional information attached to strings.
10.10 Formatting Strings		`format`: SXEmacs's analog of `printf`.
10.11 Character Case		Case conversion functions.
10.13 The Char Table		Mapping from characters to Lisp objects.
10.12 The Case Table		Customizing case conversion.
Lists
11.1 Lists and Cons Cells		How lists are made out of cons cells.
11.2 Lists as Linked Pairs of Boxes		Graphical notation to explain lists.
11.3 Predicates on Lists		Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
11.4 Accessing Elements of Lists		Extracting the pieces of a list.
11.5 Building Cons Cells and Lists		Creating list structure.
11.6 Modifying Existing List Structure		Storing new pieces into an existing list.
11.7 Using Lists as Sets		A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
11.8 Association Lists		A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
11.9 Property Lists		A different way to represent a finite mapping.
11.11 Weak Lists		A list with special garbage-collection behavior.
11.12 Doubly-Linked Lists		A doubly-linked list implementation.
11.13 Bloom Filters		A special set type with anonymous membership.
Modifying Existing List Structure
11.6.1 Altering List Elements with `setcar`		Replacing an element in a list.
11.6.2 Altering the CDR of a List		Replacing part of the list backbone. This can be used to remove or add elements.
11.6.3 Functions that Rearrange Lists		Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
12.1 Sequences		Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
12.2 Arrays		Characteristics of arrays in SXEmacs Lisp.
12.3 Functions that Operate on Arrays		Functions specifically for arrays.
12.4 Vectors		Functions specifically for vectors.
Symbols
13.1 Symbol Components		Symbols have names, values, function definitions and property lists.
13.2 Defining Symbols		A definition says how a symbol will be used.
13.3 Creating and Interning Symbols		How symbols are kept unique.
13.4 Symbol Properties		Each symbol has a property list for recording miscellaneous information.
Evaluation
14.1 Introduction to Evaluation		Evaluation in the scheme of things.
14.2 Eval		How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
14.3 Kinds of Forms		How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
14.4 Quoting		Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in the program).
Kinds of Forms
14.3.1 Self-Evaluating Forms		Forms that evaluate to themselves.
14.3.2 Symbol Forms		Symbols evaluate as variables.
14.3.3 Classification of List Forms		How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
14.3.5 Evaluation of Function Forms		Forms that call functions.
14.3.6 Lisp Macro Evaluation		Forms that call macros.
14.3.7 Special Forms		"Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives, most of them extremely important.
14.3.8 Autoloading		Functions set up to load files containing their real definitions.
Control Structures
15.1 Sequencing		Evaluation in textual order.
15.2 Conditionals		`if`, `cond`.
15.3 Constructs for Combining Conditions		`and`, `or`, `not`.
15.4 Iteration		`while` loops.
15.5 Nonlocal Exits		Jumping out of a sequence.
Nonlocal Exits
15.5.1 Explicit Nonlocal Exits: `catch` and `throw`		Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes.
15.5.2 Examples of `catch` and `throw`		Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written.
15.5.3 Errors		How errors are signaled and handled.
15.5.4 Cleaning Up from Nonlocal Exits		Arranging to run a cleanup form if an error happens.
Errors
15.5.3.1 How to Signal an Error		How to report an error.
15.5.3.2 How SXEmacs Processes Errors		What SXEmacs does when you report an error.
15.5.3.3 Writing Code to Handle Errors		How you can trap errors and continue execution.
15.5.3.4 Error Symbols and Condition Names		How errors are classified for trapping them.
Variables
16.1 Global Variables		Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
16.2 Variables That Never Change		Certain "variables" have values that never change.
16.3 Local Variables		Variable values that exist only temporarily.
16.4 When a Variable is "Void"		Symbols that lack values.
16.5 Defining Global Variables		A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
16.6 Accessing Variable Values		Examining values of variables whose names are known only at run time.
16.7 How to Alter a Variable Value		Storing new values in variables.
16.8 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings		How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
16.9 Buffer-Local Variables		Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
16.8.1 Scope		Scope means where in the program a value is visible. Comparison with other languages.
16.8.2 Extent		Extent means how long in time a value exists.
16.8.3 Implementation of Dynamic Scoping		Two ways to implement dynamic scoping.
16.8.4 Proper Use of Dynamic Scoping		How to use dynamic scoping carefully and avoid problems.
Buffer-Local Variables
16.9.1 Introduction to Buffer-Local Variables		Introduction and concepts.
16.9.2 Creating and Deleting Buffer-Local Bindings		Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
16.9.3 The Default Value of a Buffer-Local Variable		The default value is seen in buffers that don't have their own local values.
Functions
17.1 What Is a Function?		Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
17.2 Lambda Expressions		How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.
17.3 Naming a Function		A symbol can serve as the name of a function.
17.4 Defining Functions		Lisp expressions for defining functions.
17.5 Calling Functions		How to use an existing function.
17.6 Mapping Functions		Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
17.7 Anonymous Functions		Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
17.8 Accessing Function Cell Contents		Accessing or setting the function definition of a symbol.
17.10 Other Topics Related to Functions		Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives that have a special bearing on how functions work.
Lambda Expressions
17.2.1 Components of a Lambda Expression		The parts of a lambda expression.
17.2.2 A Simple Lambda-Expression Example		A simple example.
17.2.3 Advanced Features of Argument Lists		Details and special features of argument lists.
17.2.4 Documentation Strings of Functions		How to put documentation in a function.
Macros
18.1 A Simple Example of a Macro		A basic example.
18.2 Expansion of a Macro Call		How, when and why macros are expanded.
18.3 Macros and Byte Compilation		How macros are expanded by the compiler.
18.4 Defining Macros		How to write a macro definition.
18.5 Backquote		Easier construction of list structure.
18.6 Common Problems Using Macros		Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. Don't hide the user's variables.
Loading
20.1 How Programs Do Loading		The `load` function and others.
20.2 Autoload		Setting up a function to autoload.
20.4 Features		Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
20.3 Repeated Loading		Precautions about loading a file twice.
Byte Compilation
21.1 Performance of Byte-Compiled Code		An example of speedup from byte compilation.
21.2 The Compilation Functions		Byte compilation functions.
21.4 Documentation Strings and Compilation		Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
21.5 Dynamic Loading of Individual Functions		Dynamic loading of individual functions.
21.6 Evaluation During Compilation		Code to be evaluated when you compile.
21.7 Compiled-Function Objects		The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
21.8 Disassembled Byte-Code		Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
21.9 Different Behaviour		When compiled code gives different results.
Debugging Lisp Programs
22.1 The Lisp Debugger		How the SXEmacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
22.2 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax		How to find syntax errors.
22.3 Debugging Problems in Compilation		How to find errors that show up in byte compilation.
22.4 Edebug		A source-level SXEmacs Lisp debugger.
The Lisp Debugger
22.1.1 Entering the Debugger on an Error		Entering the debugger when an error happens.
22.1.3 Entering the Debugger on a Function Call		Entering it when a certain function is called.
22.1.4 Explicit Entry to the Debugger		Entering it at a certain point in the program.
22.1.5 Using the Debugger		What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
22.1.6 Debugger Commands		Commands used while in the debugger.
22.1.7 Invoking the Debugger		How to call the function `debug`.
22.1.8 Internals of the Debugger		Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.
Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
22.2.1 Excess Open Parentheses		How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
22.2.2 Excess Close Parentheses		How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.
Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
23.1 Introduction to Reading and Printing		Overview of streams, reading and printing.
23.2 Input Streams		Various data types that can be used as input streams.
23.3 Input Functions		Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
23.4 Output Streams		Various data types that can be used as output streams.
23.5 Output Functions		Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
Minibuffers
24.1 Introduction to Minibuffers		Basic information about minibuffers.
24.2 Reading Text Strings with the Minibuffer		How to read a straight text string.
24.3 Reading Lisp Objects with the Minibuffer		How to read a Lisp object or expression.
24.5 Completion		How to invoke and customize completion.
24.6 Yes-or-No Queries		Asking a question with a simple answer.
24.9 Minibuffer Miscellany		Various customization hooks and variables.
Completion
24.5.1 Basic Completion Functions		Low-level functions for completing strings. (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.)
24.5.2 Completion and the Minibuffer		Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
24.5.3 Minibuffer Commands That Do Completion		Minibuffer commands that do completion.
24.5.4 High-Level Completion Functions		Convenient special cases of completion (reading buffer name, file name, etc.)
24.5.5 Reading File Names		Using completion to read file names.
24.5.6 Programmed Completion		Finding the completions for a given file name.
Command Loop
25.1 Command Loop Overview		How the command loop reads commands.
25.2 Defining Commands		Specifying how a function should read arguments.
25.3 Interactive Call		Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
25.4 Information from the Command Loop		Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
25.5 Events		What input looks like when you read it.
25.6 Reading Input		How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
25.7 Waiting for Elapsed Time or Input		Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
25.8 Quitting		How `C-g` works. How to catch or defer quitting.
25.9 Prefix Command Arguments		How the commands to set prefix args work.
25.10 Recursive Editing		Entering a recursive edit, and why you usually shouldn't.
25.11 Disabling Commands		How the command loop handles disabled commands.
25.12 Command History		How the command history is set up, and how accessed.
25.13 Keyboard Macros		How keyboard macros are implemented.
Defining Commands
25.2.1 Using `interactive`		General rules for `interactive`.
25.2.2 Code Characters for `interactive`		The standard letter-codes for reading arguments in various ways.
25.2.3 Examples of Using `interactive`		Examples of how to read interactive arguments.
Events
25.5.1 Event Types		Events come in different types.
25.5.2 Contents of the Different Types of Events		What the contents of each event type are.
25.5.3 Event Predicates		Querying whether an event is of a particular type.
25.5.4 Accessing the Position of a Mouse Event		Determining where a mouse event occurred, and over what.
25.5.5 Accessing the Other Contents of Events		Accessing non-positional event info.
25.5.6 Working With Events		Creating, copying, and destroying events.
25.5.7 Converting Events		Converting between events, keys, and characters.
Accessing Mouse Event Positions
25.5.4.1 Frame-Level Event Position Info
25.5.4.2 Window-Level Event Position Info
25.5.4.3 Event Text Position Info
25.5.4.4 Event Glyph Position Info
25.5.4.5 Event Toolbar Position Info
25.5.4.6 Other Event Position Info
Reading Input
25.6.1 Key Sequence Input		How to read one key sequence.
25.6.2 Reading One Event		How to read just one event.
25.6.3 Dispatching an Event		What to do with an event once it has been read.
25.6.4 Quoted Character Input		Asking the user to specify a character.
25.6.5 Miscellaneous Event Input Features		How to reread or throw away input events.
Keymaps
26.1 Keymap Terminology		Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps.
26.2 Format of Keymaps		What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
26.3 Creating Keymaps		Functions to create and copy keymaps.
26.4 Inheritance and Keymaps		How one keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap.
26.5 Key Sequences		How to specify key sequences.
26.6 Prefix Keys		Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
26.7 Active Keymaps		Each buffer has a local keymap to override the standard (global) bindings. Each minor mode can also override them.
26.8 Key Lookup		How extracting elements from keymaps works.
26.9 Functions for Key Lookup		How to request key lookup.
26.10 Changing Key Bindings		Redefining a key in a keymap.
26.11 Commands for Binding Keys		Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
26.12 Scanning Keymaps		Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
26.13 Other Keymap Functions		Miscellaneous keymap functions.
Menus
27.1 Format of Menus		Format of a menu description.
27.2 Format of the Menubar		How to specify a menubar.
27.3 Menubar		Functions for controlling the menubar.
27.4 Modifying Menus		Modifying a menu description.
27.6 Pop-Up Menus		Functions for specifying pop-up menus.
27.5 Menu Filters		Filter functions for the default menubar.
27.8 Buffers Menu		The menu that displays the list of buffers.
Dialog Boxes
28.1 Dialog Box Format
28.2 Dialog Box Functions
Toolbar
29.1 Toolbar Intro		An introduction.
29.3 Toolbar Descriptor Format		How to create a toolbar.
29.4 Specifying the Toolbar		Setting a toolbar.
29.5 Other Toolbar Variables		Controlling the size of toolbars.
Gutter Scrollbars Major and Minor Modes
33.1 Major Modes		Defining major modes.
33.2 Minor Modes		Defining minor modes.
33.3 Modeline Format		Customizing the text that appears in the modeline.
33.4 Hooks		How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks.
Major Modes
33.1.1 Major Mode Conventions		Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
33.1.2 Major Mode Examples		Text mode and Lisp modes.
33.1.3 How SXEmacs Chooses a Major Mode		How SXEmacs chooses the major mode automatically.
33.1.4 Getting Help about a Major Mode		Finding out how to use a mode.
Minor Modes
33.2.1 Conventions for Writing Minor Modes		Tips for writing a minor mode.
33.2.2 Keymaps and Minor Modes		How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
Modeline Format
33.3.1 The Data Structure of the Modeline		The data structure that controls the modeline.
33.3.2 Variables Used in the Modeline		Variables used in that data structure.
33.3.3 `%`-Constructs in the ModeLine		Putting information into a modeline.
Documentation
34.1 Documentation Basics		Good style for doc strings. Where to put them. How SXEmacs stores them.
34.2 Access to Documentation Strings		How Lisp programs can access doc strings.
34.3 Substituting Key Bindings in Documentation		Substituting current key bindings.
34.4 Describing Characters for Help Messages		Making printable descriptions of non-printing characters and key sequences.
34.5 Help Functions		Subroutines used by SXEmacs help facilities.
Files
35.1 Visiting Files		Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
35.2 Saving Buffers		Writing changed buffers back into files.
35.3 Reading from Files		Reading files into other buffers.
35.4 Writing to Files		Writing new files from parts of buffers.
35.5 File Locks		Locking and unlocking files, to prevent simultaneous editing by two people.
35.6 Information about Files		Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
35.9 Contents of Directories		Getting a list of the files in a directory.
35.7 Changing File Names and Attributes		Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
35.8 File Names		Decomposing and expanding file names.
Visiting Files
35.1.1 Functions for Visiting Files		The usual interface functions for visiting.
35.1.2 Subroutines of Visiting		Lower-level subroutines that they use.
Information about Files
35.6.1 Testing Accessibility		Is a given file readable? Writable?
35.6.2 Distinguishing Kinds of Files		Is it a directory? A link?
35.6.4 Other Information about Files		How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
File Names
35.8.1 File Name Components		The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
35.8.2 Directory Names		A directory's name as a directory is different from its name as a file.
35.8.3 Absolute and Relative File Names		Some file names are relative to a current directory.
35.8.4 Functions that Expand Filenames		Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
35.8.5 Generating Unique File Names		Generating names for temporary files.
35.8.6 File Name Completion		Finding the completions for a given file name.
Backups and Auto-Saving
36.1 Backup Files		How backup files are made; how their names are chosen.
36.2 Auto-Saving		How auto-save files are made; how their names are chosen.
36.3 Reverting		`revert-buffer`, and how to customize what it does.
Backup Files
36.1.1 Making Backup Files		How SXEmacs makes backup files, and when.
36.1.2 Backup by Renaming or by Copying?		Two alternatives: renaming the old file or copying it.
36.1.3 Making and Deleting Numbered Backup Files		Keeping multiple backups for each source file.
36.1.4 Naming Backup Files		How backup file names are computed; customization.
Buffers
37.1 Buffer Basics		What is a buffer?
37.3 Buffer Names		Accessing and changing buffer names.
37.4 Buffer File Name		The buffer file name indicates which file is visited.
37.5 Buffer Modification		A buffer is modified if it needs to be saved.
37.6 Comparison of Modification Time		Determining whether the visited file was changed "behind SXEmacs's back".
37.7 Read-Only Buffers		Modifying text is not allowed in a read-only buffer.
37.8 The Buffer List		How to look at all the existing buffers.
37.9 Creating Buffers		Functions that create buffers.
37.10 Killing Buffers		Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
37.2 The Current Buffer		Designating a buffer as current so primitives will access its contents.
Windows
38.1 Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows		Basic information on using windows.
38.2 Splitting Windows		Splitting one window into two windows.
38.3 Deleting Windows		Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
38.4 Selecting Windows		The selected window is the one that you edit in.
38.5 Cyclic Ordering of Windows		Moving around the existing windows.
38.6 Buffers and Windows		Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
38.7 Displaying Buffers in Windows		Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer and choosing a window for it.
38.9 Windows and Point		Each window has its own location of point.
38.10 The Window Start Position		The display-start position controls which text is on-screen in the window.
38.11 Vertical Scrolling		Moving text up and down in the window.
38.12 Horizontal Scrolling		Moving text sideways on the window.
38.13 The Size of a Window		Accessing the size of a window.
38.15 Changing the Size of a Window		Changing the size of a window.
38.16 Window Configurations		Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
Frames
39.1 Creating Frames		Creating additional frames.
39.2 Frame Properties		Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
39.3 Frame Titles		Automatic updating of frame titles.
39.4 Deleting Frames		Frames last until explicitly deleted.
39.5 Finding All Frames		How to examine all existing frames.
39.6 Frames and Windows		A frame contains windows; display of text always works through windows.
39.7 Minibuffers and Frames		How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
39.8 Input Focus		Specifying the selected frame.
39.9 Visibility of Frames		Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
39.10 Raising and Lowering Frames		Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; lowering it makes the others hide them.
39.12 Hooks for Customizing Frame Behavior		Hooks for customizing frame behavior.
Positions
41.1 Point		The special position where editing takes place.
41.2 Motion		Changing point.
41.3 Excursions		Temporary motion and buffer changes.
41.4 Narrowing		Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
Motion
41.2.1 Motion by Characters		Moving in terms of characters.
41.2.2 Motion by Words		Moving in terms of words.
41.2.3 Motion to an End of the Buffer		Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
41.2.4 Motion by Text Lines		Moving in terms of lines of text.
41.2.5 Motion by Screen Lines		Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
41.2.6 Moving over Balanced Expressions		Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
41.2.7 Skipping Characters		Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
Markers
42.1 Overview of Markers		The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
42.2 Predicates on Markers		Testing whether an object is a marker.
42.3 Functions That Create Markers		Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
42.4 Information from Markers		Finding the marker's buffer or character position.
42.5 Changing Marker Positions		Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
42.6 The Mark		How "the mark" is implemented with a marker.
42.7 The Region		How to access "the region".
Text
43.1 Examining Text Near Point		Examining text in the vicinity of point.
43.2 Examining Buffer Contents		Examining text in a general fashion.
43.3 Comparing Text		Comparing substrings of buffers.
43.4 Inserting Text		Adding new text to a buffer.
43.5 User-Level Insertion Commands		User-level commands to insert text.
43.6 Deleting Text		Removing text from a buffer.
43.7 User-Level Deletion Commands		User-level commands to delete text.
43.8 The Kill Ring		Where removed text sometimes is saved for later use.
43.9 Undo		Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
43.10 Maintaining Undo Lists		How to enable and disable undo information. How to control how much information is kept.
43.11 Filling		Functions for explicit filling.
43.12 Margins for Filling		How to specify margins for filling commands.
43.13 Auto Filling		How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
43.14 Sorting Text		Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
43.15 Counting Columns		Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
43.16 Indentation		Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
43.17 Case Changes		Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
43.18 Text Properties		Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters.
43.19 Substituting for a Character Code		Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
43.20 Registers		How registers are implemented. Accessing the text or position stored in a register.
43.21 Transposition of Text		Swapping two portions of a buffer.
43.22 Change Hooks		Supplying functions to be run when text is changed.
The Kill Ring
43.8.1 Kill Ring Concepts		What text looks like in the kill ring.
43.8.2 Functions for Killing		Functions that kill text.
43.8.3 Functions for Yanking		Commands that access the kill ring.
43.8.4 Low-Level Kill Ring		Functions and variables for kill ring access.
43.8.5 Internals of the Kill Ring		Variables that hold kill-ring data.
Indentation
43.16.1 Indentation Primitives		Functions used to count and insert indentation.
43.16.2 Indentation Controlled by Major Mode		Customize indentation for different modes.
43.16.3 Indenting an Entire Region		Indent all the lines in a region.
43.16.4 Indentation Relative to Previous Lines		Indent the current line based on previous lines.
43.16.5 Adjustable "Tab Stops"		Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
43.16.6 Indentation-Based Motion Commands		Move to first non-blank character.
Searching and Matching
44.1 Searching for Strings		Search for an exact match.
44.2 Regular Expressions		Describing classes of strings.
44.3 Regular Expression Searching		Searching for a match for a regexp.
44.6 The Match Data		Finding out which part of the text matched various parts of a regexp, after regexp search.
44.6.4 Saving and Restoring the Match Data		Saving and restoring this information.
44.8 Standard Regular Expressions Used in Editing		Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
44.7 Searching and Case		Case-independent or case-significant searching.
Regular Expressions
44.2.1 Syntax of Regular Expressions		Rules for writing regular expressions.
44.2.2 Complex Regexp Example		Illustrates regular expression syntax.
Syntax Tables
45.2 Syntax Descriptors		How characters are classified.
45.3 Syntax Table Functions		How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
45.5 Parsing Balanced Expressions		Parsing balanced expressions using the syntax table.
45.6 Some Standard Syntax Tables		Syntax tables used by various major modes.
45.7 Syntax Table Internals		How syntax table information is stored.
Syntax Descriptors
45.2.1 Table of Syntax Classes		Table of syntax classes.
45.2.2 Syntax Flags		Additional flags each character can have.
Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion
46.1 Setting Up Abbrev Mode		Setting up SXEmacs for abbreviation.
46.2 Abbrev Tables		Creating and working with abbrev tables.
46.3 Defining Abbrevs		Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
46.4 Saving Abbrevs in Files		Saving abbrevs in files.
46.5 Looking Up and Expanding Abbreviations		Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
46.6 Standard Abbrev Tables		Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
Extents
47.1 Introduction to Extents		Extents are regions over a buffer or string.
47.2 Creating and Modifying Extents		Basic extent functions.
47.3 Extent Endpoints		Accessing and setting the bounds of an extent.
47.4 Finding Extents		Determining which extents are in an object.
47.5 Mapping Over Extents		More sophisticated functions for extent scanning.
47.6 Properties of Extents		Extents have built-in and user-definable properties.
47.7 Detached Extents		Extents that are not in a buffer.
47.8 Extent Parents		Inheriting properties from another extent.
47.9 Duplicable Extents		Extents can be marked to be copied into strings.
47.10 Interaction of Extents with Keyboard and Mouse Events		Extents can interact with the keyboard and mouse.
47.11 Atomic Extents		Treating a block of text as a single entity.
Specifiers
48.1 Introduction to Specifiers		Specifiers provide a clean way for display and other properties to vary (under user control) in a wide variety of contexts.
48.3 In-Depth Overview of a Specifier		Gory details about specifier innards.
48.4 How a Specifier Is Instanced		Instancing means obtaining the "value" of a specifier in a particular context.
48.5 Specifier Types		Specifiers come in different flavors.
48.6 Adding specifications to a Specifier		Specifications control a specifier's "value" by giving conditions under which a particular value is valid.
48.7 Retrieving the Specifications from a Specifier		Querying a specifier's specifications.
48.9 Functions for Instancing a Specifier		Functions to instance a specifier.
48.10 Examples of Specifier Usage		Making all this stuff clearer.
48.11 Creating New Specifier Objects		Creating specifiers for your own use.
48.12 Functions for Checking the Validity of Specifier Components		Validating the components of a specifier.
48.13 Other Functions for Working with Specifications in a Specifier		Other ways of working with specifications.
Faces and Window-System Objects
49.1 Faces		Controlling the way text looks.
49.2 Fonts		Controlling the typeface of text.
49.3 Colors		Controlling the color of text and pixmaps.
Faces
49.1.1 Merging Faces for Display		How SXEmacs decides which face to use for a character.
49.1.2 Basic Functions for Working with Faces		How to define and examine faces.
49.1.3 Face Properties		How to access and modify a face's properties.
49.1.4 Face Convenience Functions		Convenience functions for accessing particular properties of a face.
49.1.5 Other Face Display Functions		Other functions pertaining to how a a face appears.
Fonts
49.2.1 Font Specifiers		Specifying how a font will appear.
49.2.2 Font Instances		What a font specifier gets instanced as.
49.2.3 Font Instance Names		The name of a font instance.
49.2.4 Font Instance Size		The size of a font instance.
49.2.5 Font Instance Characteristics		Display characteristics of font instances.
49.2.6 Font Convenience Functions		Convenience functions that automatically instance and retrieve the properties of a font specifier.
Colors
49.3.1 Color Specifiers		Specifying how a colour will appear.
49.3.2 Color Instances		What a colour specifier gets instanced as.
49.3.3 Color Instance Properties		Properties of color instances.
49.3.4 Color Convenience Functions		Convenience functions that automatically instance and retrieve the properties of a colour specifier.
Glyphs
50.1 Glyph Introduction		Glyphs are abstract image specifications.
50.2 Images		Specifying the appearance of glyphs.
50.3 Using Glyphs		Creating and displaying glyphs.
50.4 Manipulating Glyphs		Getting and setting glyph properties.
50.5 Glyph Examples		Examples of how to work with glyphs.
Images
50.2.1 Image Specifiers		Specifying an image's appearance.
50.2.2 Image Instantiator Conversion		Lazy realization of graphics.
50.2.3 Image Instantiator Formats		A catalog of image descriptors.
50.2.4 Image Instances		Classes of graphical objects.
Image Instances
50.2.4.1 Image Instance Types		Each image instances has a particular type.
50.2.4.2 Image Instance Functions		Functions for working with image instances.
Using Glyphs Image Instances
50.2.4.1 Image Instance Types		Each image instances has a particular type.
50.2.4.2 Image Instance Functions		Functions for working with image instances.
Using Glyphs
50.3.1 Creating Glyphs		Creating new glyphs.
50.3.2 Buffer Glyphs		Annotations are glyphs that appear in a buffer.
50.3.3 Redisplay Glyphs		Glyphs controlling various redisplay functions.
50.3.4 Frame Glyphs